When there is a disease, many times the doctor injects. This injection contains medicines to treat that disease. In common parlance in the village, it is said to glucose that a bottle of water will have to be offered. There is a lack of water in the body. So does it really contain only water in the bottle of glucose. Have you ever wondered what would happen if someone accidentally gets injected with water? So we know the answer to this question and we also know about the advantages and disadvantages of this.
When doctors mix medicine and water to deliver medicines directly to the veins in the body. The water that doctors use, but this water is Sterile Water. This means that the water used by doctors does not contain any kind of bacteria in that water. This water is first cleaned and it is made in such a way that nothing happens to any human body by applying it.
If tap or filtered water is applied in someone’s veins, then there is a danger of many diseases in the body. Applying normal water directly into the veins means sending bacteria directly to the blood. Due to this water, the balance of blood cells will be disturbed. Because of this, the blood cells will start dying slowly, so the risk of our immunity getting completely destroyed will increase.If water is applied directly to the next blood, then the blood in the body will increase. The heart will have more difficulty in pumping the increased blood and the risk of heart related diseases will also increase.
What is a system call? System calls are function invocations made from user space into the kernel in order to request some service or resources from the operating system. Here the user space application can be a text editor or a web browser, which can invoke different system calls like read() and write().
How system calls are different from function calls? Functions in a structured program implements specific functionalities in a program. Function calls invoke the function within that program. On the other hand system calls are used to communicate with the kernel.
Invoking system calls Due to security and reliability reasons, user-space applications must not be allowed to directly execute the kernel code or manipulating kernel resources. Instead the kernel provides a mechanism by which user-space application can signal the kernel that it wishes to invoke a system call. With the help of this very well-defined mechanism, the application can then execute the code that the kernel allows it to execute. The exact mechanism varies from architecture to architecture. For example on i386 architecture, the user-space application executes a software interrupt instruction, int, with a value of 0x80. This instruction causes a switch into kernel space. The kernel executes the interrupt handler for software interrupt, the interrupt handler for interrupt number 0x80 is system call handler. The application tells the kernel which system call to execute by loading the system call number in the machine register. Each hardware architecture can augment and define their own system call numbers. However, all generic system calls are defined inside include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h file in the Linux kernel source tree.
System call invocation on aarch64 architecture Armv8-A architecture provides four privilege modes. These privilege modes are implemented in the form of exception levels. As shown in the following diagram, there are four exception levels EL0 to EL3. For example, the lowest level of privilege is referred to as EL0.
Figure 1. Exception Levels
A common usage model has application code running at EL0, with an operating system running at EL1. EL2 is used by a hypervisor, with EL3 being reserved by low-level firmware and security code. When a user program requires services of kernel, the exception level must be changed from EL0 to EL1. To achieve this, user program executes svc (SuperVisor Call) instruction, passes the system call number along with system call arguments. The ARM64-specific exception handling code is present in arch/arm64/kernel/entry.S in the linux kernel source tree.
Since the exception is a synchronous event, the sync entry will be selected, and following code will be executed.
el0_sync:
kernel_entry 0
mrs x25, esr_el1 // read the syndrome register
lsr x24, x25, #ESR_ELx_EC_SHIFT // exception class
cmp x24, #ESR_ELx_EC_SVC64 // SVC in 64-bit state
b.eq el0_svc
el0_svc:
adrp stbl, sys_call_table // load syscall table pointer
mov wscno, w8 // syscall number in w8
mov wsc_nr, #__NR_syscalls
In the above code snippet w8 register contains the syscall number. The same syscall number would be defined inside include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h file.
This way the user-space application can request services from the kernel using system calls. Most of the generic system calls are implemented by libc library, this library is commonly found on almost all distributions. As long as user-space application links to libc library, all system call related working is taken care by the library itself.
Desire to die’ machine allowed in Switzerland, death will be found in just one minute without any pain
The Swiss government has approved the legal use of the death machine. The company that made the machine claims that anyone in the machine could die in a single minute without suffering the slightest pain. This machine is made in the shape of a coffin. This machine drastically lowers the oxygen level, causing the person to die within a minute.
The director of an organization called Exit International, Dr. Philip Nietzsche has created this death machine, so now he has Dr. Also known as Death. Will death is recognized in Switzerland. Exit International claims that 1,300 people in Switzerland committed suicide with the help of others last year.
According to the organization, the machine is designed for people who suffer from a serious illness and cannot move. The machine can also be operated from the inside, according to a report by the British website The Independent. The sick person can operate the machine by blinking an eye from inside the machine. The machine is fitted with a biodegradable capsule, which can be used as a coffin.
The machine is named Sarco and is currently in prototype. Dr. Nietzsche said the machine would be launched in the next one year if all goes well. The organization has called this the most expensive project ever. However, to make such a machine, Dr. Nietzsche is also being criticized. The British website The Independent reports that some people have questioned the use of the machine. People say this is a very dangerous gas chamber. Some even said that the machine would incite people to commit suicide.
Currently two prototypes of the machine have been prepared. A third machine is also being produced and is expected to be ready in the next one year.
South Africa has the highest number of children in the omikron variant. They have mild to severe symptoms.Oxygen, supportive therapy and longer hospital stays are required. They are getting sicker than ever.
Symptoms of Omicron Variant-
According to the US National Health Service (NHS), newer variants of the corona are showing some special symptoms in children, such as high fever, persistent cough (persistent for one hour), fatigue, headache, sore throat and loss of appetite.
The number of young corona patients and children in South African hospitals is on the rise. Children under the age of 5 have a special need for hospitalization.
Omikro has appeared in Gujarat and the situation is going to be very worrying. In Jamnagar, five members of the same family from South Africa were shown this symptom and another 85 people on the same flight were shifted to home isolation. Details have emerged that more than 30 of those who attended returned positive for corona.
Most of the more than 30 people who returned from attending a wedding in Dubai and were victims of the corona were found to be between the ages of 16 and 26, with suspected omikron symptoms also being speculated.
According to sources, about five to seven of these people had started corona positive treatment in Dubai itself. The rest are undergoing treatment at various private hospitals as well as home isolation in Ahmedabad, sources said.
The outbreak is believed to have been caused by hookah bars and bars in Dubai. The presence of builders at the wedding was remarkable. Isolation ward has also been re-opened at Ahmedabad Civil Hospital. There was also a case today in which information was revealed that Omicron had symptoms.
Of late medical circles, however, reported only corona symptoms. At a time when millions of people are breathing a sigh of relief and the economy is barely recovering, this kind of news has caused a great deal of concern among people from all walks of life, including various industries, builders and the business community.
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